Report 


of 


Tests  of  Partitions 

by 

Fire  and  Water 


MADE  UNDER   THE   DIRECTION    OF 

MR.  VIRGIL  D.  ALLEN 

CITY     INSPECTOR     OF     BUILDINGS 

CLEVELAND,         -         -          OHIO 


June  28th  and  29th,  1912 


COMMITTEE  IN  CHARGE 

PROFESSOR  JOHN  H.  NELSON,  CASE  SCHOOL  OF  APPLIED  SCIENCE 
CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

MR.  L.  H.   MILLER,  ENGINEER,  BETHLEHEM   STEEL   CO. 
CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

MR.  WILLIAM  S.  LOUGEE,  ARCHITECT 
CLEVELAND,  OHIO 


LIST  OF  Wlf  NESSES'  OF  FIRE  TEST  AT  CLEVELAND 
Friday  and  Saturday,  June  28  and  29,  1912. 


NAME  REPRESENTING                                                              ADDRESS 

Ackley,  W.  B.  Cement  Gun  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Allen,  Virgil  D.  City  Inspector  of  Buildings    Cleveland,  O. 

Angel,  Henry  Cleveland  Builders'   Supply  Co Cleveland,   O. 

Bagnall,  Arthur  G.  Bagnall-Taylor  Co.,  505  Hippodrome  Prospect  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Barnum,  Frank  S.        Architect,  Board  of  Education Cleveland,  O. 

Brandt,  Ralph  V.  Gen.  Sec'y  &  Treas.,  W.  W.  &  M.  L.  I.  U., 

401  Superior  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Brett,  Allen  Managing  Editor,  Concrete-Cement  Age Detroit 

Caldwell,  W.  L.  The  Berger  Mfg.  Co Canton,  O. 

Campbell,  J.  G.  The  Price  Electric  Co 11807  Euclid  Ave.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Carroll,  F.  W.  Realign  Construction  Co 516  Garfield  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Chamberlain,  O.  N.      Architect    1229  Schofield  Bldg.,   Cleveland,  O. 

Clark,  P.  R.  Manager  of  Sales,  The  General  Fireproofing  Co.,  Youngstown,  O. 

Colbrook,  E.  A.  The  Standard  Oil  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Curley,  P.  T.  State   Building   Inspector    Cleveland,  O. 

Dies,  S.  A.  Superintendent  of  Buildings    Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Donley,  Clarence          Donley  Brothers  Co 730Q  Aetna  Rd.,  S.  E.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Donley,  Ford  Donley  Brothers  Co 7309  Aetna  Rd.,  S.  E.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Donley,  George  President,  Contracting  Lathers'  Ass'n, 

7309  Aetna  Rd.,  S.  E.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Donley,  Ernest  Donley  Brothers  Co 7309  Aetna  Rd.,  S.  E.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Elliott,  Fred  W.  State  Architect 515  Board  of  Trade  Bldg.   Columbus,  O. 

Ferguson,  L.  R.  Association  of  Portland  Cement  Mfrs Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Gebhardt,  E.  W.  Osborn    Engineering    Co Cleveland,  O. 

Goodwin,  H.   G.  Inspector    of    Buildings Akron,  O. 

Hanson,  E.  S.  Editor,  Cement  Era  1207  Morton  Bldg.,  Chicago 

Hurlbert,  William  G.  Pres.  &  Treas.,  The  Bostwick  Steel  Lath  Co Niles,  O. 

Jacobs,  C.  V.  American  Lumberman   Cleveland,  O. 

Jenkins,  D.  L.  The  General  Fireproofing  Co Youngstown,  O. 

Jensen,  J.  Norman       Chicago    Building    Dept Chicago,  111. 

Jewett,  M.  B.  Lehigh  Portland  Cement  Co People's  Gas  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

Johns,  Thos.  U.  S.  Gypsum  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Johnston,  Glen  Allegheny  Co.  Light  Co Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Kanolt,  Dr.  C.  W.        Bureau  of  Standards  Washington,  D.  C. 

Kellogg,  Alfred  N.      National  Plaster  Board  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Kinale,  F.  H.  Building  Code  Commission   Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Lawson,  E.  B.  Bostwick  Steel  Lath  Co Niles,  O. 

Lougee,  W.  S.  Architect American  Trust  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

McDowell,  W.  S.          Building  Code  Commission Pittsburg,   Pa. 

McKee,  T.  C.  Berger    Manufacturing    Co Cleveland,  O. 

McMahon,  J.  Building  Inspector  Toledo,  O. 

McMaster,  H.  B.  Commissioner,  Associated  Metal  Lath  Mfrs. 

812  Wick  Bldg.,  Youngstown,  O. 

McRoberts,  S.  A.         Construction  Record Bessemer  Bldg.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

McSorley,  Wm.  J.  Gen.  Pres.,  W.  W.  &  M.  L.  Inter.  Union, 

Superior  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

4 


NAME  REPRESENTING                                                             ADDRESS 

Martin,  A.  L.  The  Garry  Iron  &  Steel  Co Niles,  O. 

Marsteller,    P.    G.         The  General   Fireproofing   Company Youngstown,  O. 

Miller,  L.  H.  The  Bethlehem  Steel  Co Cleveland,  O. 

Moody,  Chas.  C.  Vice-Pres.  Allyn  Engineering  Co Ford  Bldg.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Mowry,  C.  W.  Mechanical  Engineer,  Associated  Factory  Mutual  Fire  Insur- 
ance Companies   31   Milk  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Murphy,  Samuel  Building  Code  Commission Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Murphy,  R.  O.  Building  Code  Commission Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Naugle,  H.  M.  The   Berger   Manufacturing   Co Canton,  O. 

Nelson,  Prof.  John  H.  Case  School  of  Applied   Science Cleveland,  O. 

Nelson,  M.  W.  Cleveland  Inspection  Bureau   Cleveland,  O. 

Neale,  L.  J.  J.  B.  King  &  Co *, . . .  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Osborn,  J.  H.  Building   Department    Cleveland,  O. 

Palmer,  C.  D.  Palmer  Index   Cleveland,  O. 

Patton,  C.  H.  Manager,    Cleveland   Inspection   Bureau Cleveland,  O. 

Payne,  J.  E.  The  General  Fireproofing  Co Youngstown,  O. 

Powell,  W.  R.  Architect 1106  Hippodrome  Bldg.,   Cleveland,  O. 

Powell,  C.  O.  Engineer,  North  Western  Expanded  Metal  Co., 

Old  Colony  Bldg.,  Chicago 

Premiss,  F.  L.  Metal   Worker 807  American   Trust  Bldg.,   Cleveland,  O. 

Redding,  Lester  Asst.  State  Inspector  of  Workshops  and  Factories.  .Columbus,  O. 

Ringer,  Carl  F.  City  Building  Inspector   Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Roberts,  Ed.  A.  Secretary,    Builders'    Exchange Cleveland,  O. 

Sanderson,  R.  L.  The  Bostwick  Steel  Lath  Company Niles,  O. 

Sargent,  E.  C.  Universal  Portland  Cement  Co.  ...72  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Schubert,  C.  W.  Department  of   Buildings '.  .  .Cleveland,  O. 

Sowers,  G.  B.  Case  School  of  Applied  Science Cleveland,  O. 

Stromberg,  J.  W.          Clinton  Wire  Cloth  Co Chicago,  111. 

Taylor,  George  *    General  Manager,  Eastern  Expanded  Metal  Co., 

201  Devonshire  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Taylor,  J.  A.  Secretary  Contracting  Lathers'  Association 

Hippodrome-Prospect  Bldg.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Theis,  L.  W.  Cleveland   Inspection   Bureau    Cleveland,  O. 

Thomas,  C.  R.  The  Sykes  Metal  Lath  &  Roofing  Co Niles,  O. 

Thomas,  I.  A.  President,  The  Sykes  Metal  Lath  &  Roofing  Co Niles,  O. 

Turner,  W.  B.  Publicity  Manager,  The  General  Fireproofing  Co.,  Youngstown,  O. 

Uniack,  W.  B.  State   Building   Inspector    Cleveland,  O. 

Wallace,  Jack  H.          Contractor 10926  Morrison  Ave.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Wallace,  George  Chief,    Fire    Department Cleveland,  O. 

Warner,  C.  D.  Rock  Products   537  So.  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Webb,  S.  G.  U.    S.    Gypsum   Co Chicago,  111. 

White,  H.  E.  Chief  Engineer,  The  General  Fireproofing  Co.  ..  .Youngstown,  O. 

Wicks,  J.  C.  Pres.  &  Gen.  Man.  The  Garry  Iron  &  Steel  Co Niles,  O. 

Wilson,  E.  A.  The  Garry  Iron  &  Steel  Co Niles,  O. 

Woolson,  Prof.  Ira  H.  Consulting  Engineer,  Nat.  Bd.  of  Fire  Underwriters 

135  William  St.,  New  York 
Zesiger,  A.  W.  Building  Department    Cleveland,  O. 


Mr.  V.  D.  Allen,  August  21,  1912. 

Inspector  of  Buildings, 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Dear  Sir : — 

Your  committee,  acting  under  the  authority  invested  in  it  by  the 
appointment  made  in  accordance  with  Section  544  of  the  Cleveland 
Building  Code  to  conduct  and  report  on  tests  of  fire-proof  and  fire-resist- 
ing properties  of  various  typical  plastered  partitions  constructed  accord- 
ing to  the  specifications  furnished  the  committee  as  representing  the 
usual  practice  in  the  construction  of  these  various  types,  respectfully 
submit  this  our  report  on  the  details  of  construction  and  tests  : 

GENERAL. 

The  tests  were  conducted  in  the  laboratory  of  The  Associated  Metal 
Lath  Manufacturers,  at  7500  Aetna  road,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Figure  1 
gives  a  general  view  of  laboratory. 

The  partitions  were  constructed  under  the  direction  of  the  commit- 
tee between  May  3rd  and  May  8th,  inclusive.  The  fire  tests  of  these  par- 
titions were  made  on  June  28th  and  29th,  thus  giving  a  little  over  seven 
weeks  from  the  completion  of  the  plastering  to  the  date  of  test. 

FURNACE. 

The  furnace  used  in  these  tests  is  of  reinforced  concrete  construc- 
tion— the  ground  plan  being  that  of  a  regular  seven-sided  polygon,  one 
side  of  which  is  used  as  an  entrance  to  the  generators,  thermocouples, 
peepholes,  etc.,  and  the  remaining  six  sides  forming  six  separate  and 
independent  furnaces.  The  inner  wall  of  the  furnace  is  provided  with 
openings  for  the  protection  tube  for  the  thermocouples,  observation 
holes,  which  are  covered  with  mica,  through  which  it  is  possible  to 
observe  the  fire  side  of  the  specimen  wrhile  being  tested. 

Each  furnace  is  provided  with  six  square  feet  of  grate  area,  connec- 
tion with  the  outside  being  through  three  eight-inch  glazed  sewer  tile. 
At  the  top  three  flues  were  provided  for  the  escape  of  smoke  and  gases  as 
well  as  the  production  of  draught. 

The  panel  to  be  tested  formed  the  outer  wall  of  the  furnace,  being 
built  into  a  frame  made  from  nine-inch  channels,  lined  with  brick;  the 
whole  being  hinged  on  the  one  edge  and  supported  on  a  wheel  rolling  on 
a  curved  steel  track  at  the  other,  forming  a  door  which  may  be  readily 
opened  by  means  of  a  block  and  tackle  without  injury  to  the  specimen. 

Figures  2  and  3  show  plan  and  vertical  cross-section  respectively. 

FUEL. 

The  fuel  used  in  the  furnaces  was  coal  oil  burned  under  a  pressure 
of  from  120  to  130  pounds  per  square  inch.  This  pressure  was  auto- 
matically maintained  throughout  the  entire  test  by  means  of  a  gas 
engine  and  pump  used  to  pump  the  oil  from  the  supply  tank  to  the  pres- 
sure tank,  from  Avhence  it  was  distributed  to  the  various  generators  and 
thence  to  the  burners  in  the  various  furnaces.  Each  furnace  was  pro- 
vided with  two  separate  and  distinct  sets  of  burners  separately  con- 
trolled. This  was  done  merely  as  a  precautionary  measure,  as  one  set 
of  burners  was  sufficient  to  produce  the  required  temperature.  Natural 
gas  was  used  for  generating  the  oil  into  vapor. 

6 


JE-iESL 


FIG.  1 


TVfS  r  /7T"  CLEVELAND 
JUttE  e8-23.  19/2 


PLAN  or  F~UI?NA.CE 


TEMPERATURES. 

Pyrometers — The  furnace  temperatures  were  measured  with  a  Price 
Pyrometer  and  iron,  nickel-copper  alloy  thermocouple,  the  instrument 
being  graduated  to  read  to  the  nearest  ten  degrees.  This  instrument, 
with  one  of  the  couples  used  in  the  test,  was  sent  to  the  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards at  Washington,  D.  C.,  for  calibration.  The  remaining  five  couples 
wrere  then  checked  against  the  calibrated  one  for  constant  of  couples. 
Table  1  is  the  calibration  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Standards  and  Table  2 
the  calibration  of  couples. 

Correction  for  cold  end  junctions  was  made  by  use  of  the  formula 
T  ==  0.9(t  —  80°),  T  being  the  correction  to  be  added  algebraically  to  the 
pyrometer  reading,  where  (t)  is  the  temperature  of  the  cold  end  junction. 
This  formula  was  used  for  all  corrections  for  cold  end. 

The  temperature  (t)  of  the  cold  end  was  determined  by  means  of  a 
mercury  thermometer  wrapped  with  the  cold  end  junction,  such  that  the 
thermometer  bulb  and  the  wires  were  not  exposed  to  air  currents,  care 
being  taken  not  to  short  circuit  the  cold  end. 

TABLE  1 

Calibration  of  Thermocouple  No.  6  and  Galvanometer  as  Reported  by  the 

Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.   C. 

Galvanometer         Temperature                     Galvanometer  Temperature 

Reading                Fahrenheit                            Reading  Fahrenheit 

100                               80                                        1000  990 

200                             180                                        1200  1190 

400                             390                                        1400  1380 

600                             590                                        1600  1570 

800                             790                                        1800  1770 

TABLE  2 

Calibration  of  Thermocouples  Used  in  Test. 

Galvanometer  Reading  for  Thermocouple  No.  Temperature 

123456  Fahrenheit 
520             520              530              520              520              500 

610              630              640              620              620              600  590 

800             820             840              820             810              800  790 

1000           1010           1030            1000            1000            1000  990 

1190            1200           1210            1190           1190            1200  1190 

1390           1410           1420           1390            1400            1400  1380 

1600           1600           1620            1600            1600            1600  1570 

1800           1800           1820           1800           1800           1800  1770 

The  thermocouples  were  used  in  the  furnaces  as  follows : 
Thermocouple  Used  in  Furnace 

No.  No. 

1   6 

2   5 

3   4 

4  3 

5   2 

6  .  1 


* 


1 


Each  furnace  was  supplied  with  a  thermocouple  protected  by  means 
of  a  wrought  iron  protection  tube  inserted  through  the  back  \vall  of  the 
furnace  (Figure  3)  and  so  arranged  that  the  end  of  the  thermocouple 
was  about  two  inches  from  the  center  point  of  the  panel  to  be  tested. 
Each  thermocouple  was  then  connected  with  a  six  station  switch,  which 
in  turn  wras  properly  connected  wtih  the  pyrometer.  By  this  arrange- 
ment the  temperature  of  any  furnace  could  be  readily  and  accurately 

determined  at  any  instant.  As  an 
indication  for  regulating  the  fire, 
readings  were  made  and  recorded  every 
three  minutes  during  the  firing.  See 
tables  6  to  11.  This  instrument  and 
accessories  were  furnished  and  in- 
stalled by  The  Price  Electric  Company 
of  Cleveland. 

THERMOMETERS 

Mercury  thermometers  were  used  to 
determine  the  temperatures  of  the  ex- 
ternal wall  of  all  panels  during  the  test. 
A  small  copper  holder  was  cemented  to 
the  test  panel  as  showrn  in  Figure  4. 
Plaster  of  paris  was  the  cementing  sub- 
stance used.  Thermometers  reading  to 
300°  F.  were  used  in  most  cases  and 
readings  were  made  and  recorded  at 
intervals  of  ten  minutes  during  the  test, 
or  until  the  temperature  exceeded  the 
range  of  the  thermometer  wrhen  it  was 
removed. 

In  case  the  mercury  of  a  thermometer  exceeded  the  scale  due 
to  the  temperature,  this  thermometer  was  discarded  and  replaced  by 
another.  Tables  12  to  17  give  the  temperatures  of  the  outside  wall. 

DEFLECTIONS  f 7'  O" »| 

Deflections  were  measured  at  nine 
points  on  the  panel  as  indicated  in  Fig- 
ure 5.  Machine  screws  were  tapped 
into  the  channel  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  panel  and  a  \vire  stretched  tightly 
between  them  spanning  the  test  panel. 
The  arrangement  of  wires  and  points 
for  measuring  deflections  may  be  seen 
in  photograph  Figure  No.  21. 

Zero  deflections  were  read  before 
lighting  the  fire  and  readings  taken 
every  ten  minutes  thereafter.  These 
deflection  measurements  were  made 
with  a  steel  scale  graduated  to  0.01  of 
an  inch.  Tables  No.  18  to  23  give  the 
measured  deflections  and  Figures  17 
to  20  represent  these  graphically. 


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MATERIALS. 

The  materials  used  in  the  construction  of  the  panels  was  procured 
in  the  open  market.  Diamond  Portland  cement  was  used  in  Panels 
No.  1,  3,  -1,  and  5.  Imperial  brand  prepared  plaster  of  the  U.  S.  Gypsum 
Company  was  used  in  Panels  No.  2  and  6,  and  finished  with  Excelsior 
brand  sand  finish,  prepared  and  for  sale  by  the  Cleveland  Builders 
Supply.  The  plaster  board  used  in  Panel  No.  6  bore  the  trade  mark 
"Sackett."  Tiger  brand  hydrated  lime  was  used  in  Panels  No.  1,  3.  4, 
and  5. 

Sand — The  sand  was  clean  bank  sand  and  fairly  representative  of 
sands  used  in  plastering.  The  mechanical  analysis  is  given  in  Table  3. 

TABLE  3 

Mechanical  Analysis  of  Sand 
Sieve  No.  %  Passing  Sieve 

5 98.2 

10 96.2 

12 95.7 

18 94.1 

22 92.7 

35 81.6 

40 76.95 

50 60.6 

70 56.64 

150 3.4 

Cement — The  cement  used  was  Diamond  Portland  of  good  quality, 
as  shown  by  tensile  tests.  Tables  4  and  5  give  these  tests. 

TABLE  4 

Tensile  Strength  of  Neat  Cement 

Ref.  Ultimate  Strength,  Pounds  Per  Square  Inch 

No.                 24  hours                    7  days  28  days 

1  332           722  695 

2  245           655  695 

3  230           645  725 


Average  236  674  705 

TABLE  5 
Tensile  Strength  of  1-2  Standard  Sand  Mortar 

Ref.  Ultimate  Strength,  Pounds  Per  Square  Inch 

No.  7  days  28  days 

1  355  460 

2  345  420 

3  390  440 

4  330  425 

5  415  495 

6  345  440 

Average  363  446 

11 


TEST  SPECIMENS. 

The  panels  to  be  tested  were  built  into  the  frames  as  mentioned  and 
formed  a  wall  approximately  7x9  feet.  Details  of  the  construction  of  the 
various  test  panels  is  given  in  Figures  6  to  11.  There  was  no  handling 
or  moving  of  the  panels  from  the  time  they  were  plastered  until  the  day 
before  the  test,  at  which  time  they  were  carefully  inspected  for  defects 
and  the  doors  closed  and  sealed. 

As  soon  as  a  panel  was  plastered  and  the  plaster  was  sufficiently  set, 
the  grounds  were  removed  and  the  space  filled  with  mortar.  After  this 
was  thoroughly  set,  a  fillet  of  cement  mortar  was  placed  around  the  edge 
of  each  panel  to  aid  in  the  confining  of  the  flame. 

SPECIFICATIONS. 

The  following  specifications  were  furnished  the  committee  as  fairly 
representative  of  the  various  partition  construction. 

PANEL  NO.  1 
Metal  Lath  on  Wood  Stud. 

(Fig.  No.  6.) 

Studding — The  studs  to  which  the  metal  lath  is  to  be  applied  shall 
be  2"  x  4"  well  seasoned  Norway  pine  set  12"  center  to  center,  well  nailed 
top  and  bottom  to  a  plate  and  sill  of  the  same  sized  material,  all  to  be 
lathed  on  both  sides. 

Grounds — To  be  ^/\"  thick. 

Metal  Lath — All  lath  used  in  this  work  to  be  24-gauge  expanded 
metal  lath,  painted  both  sides  and  weighing  not  less  than  3J4  pounds  per 
square  yard. 

Nailing — This  lath  is  to  be  nailed  to  the  stud  with  V  No.  14  gauge 
staples  every  4".  Each  sheet  of  lath  should  lap  the  other  sheet  at  least  1" 
along  both  the  vertical  and  horizontal  joint. 

Joints — Care  must  be  taken  to  break  joints  in  each  course. 

Plastering — The  First  (Scratch)  Coat  shall  be  1  part  Portland  Ce- 
ment, 1-10  part  hydrated  lime  and  2^  parts  clean  sharp  sand;  all  parts 
by  volume,  a  sack  of  cement  being  counted  as  1  cubic  foot.  The  cement 
and  hydrated  lime  should  be  mixed  together  until  the  mixture  is  of  a 
uniform  color,  and  the  2^  parts  of  sand  mixed  with  one  part  of  this 
mixture.  Add  about  1  pound  of  long  cattle  hair  per  bag  of  cement  used. 
Apply  with  considerable  pressure,  getting  a  good  key  and  completely 
covering  the  metal  lath  and  then  roughen  the  surface  by  scratching  diag- 
onally in  both  directions. 

The  Second  (Brown)  Coat  should  be  of  the  same  mixture  as  the 
first  coat  with  the  hair  omitted,  and  should  be  applied  to  the  first  coat 
after  the  latter  has  hardened  sufficiently  but  before  it  has  become  dry. 

Immediately  before  the  application  of  the  second  coat,  or  any  subse- 
quent coat,  the  preceding  coat  should  be  well  drenched  with  water 
applied  with  a  brush  or  through  a  hose  provided  with  sprinkler  nozzle. 
Bring  to  a  true  and  even  surface  within  .j/g"  to  3-16"  of  the  face  of  the 
grounds.  After  this  coat  has  been  darbied  and  straightened  in  all  direc- 
tions lightly  scratch  the  same  with  a  scratcher. 

12 


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The  Finish  Coat  should  be  1  part  Portland  cement  and  2^/2  parts 
of  clean  sharp  sand.  After  the  Brown  coat  has  set  firm  and  hard,  but 
while  still  green  (within  12  hours  after  the  wall  has  been  browned  out), 
apply  a  finish  coat  of  the  above  mixture  with  a  trowel,  and  float  it  with 
a  cork  or  carpet  float  to  a  true  and  even  granular  surface,  using  plenty 
of  water  in  floating  to  bring  the  same  to  an  even  surface. 

PANEL  NO.  2 
Wood  Lath  on  Wood  Stud. 

(Fig.  No.  7.) 

Studding — To  be  2"x4"  well-seasoned  Norway  pine  set  16"  center 
to  center,  well  nailed  top  and  bottom  to  a  plate  and  sill  of  the  same  sized 
material,  all  to  be  lathed  on  both  sides. 

Grounds— To  be  ^4"  thick. 

Wood  Lath — All  lath  to  be  used  in  the  work  are  to  be  the  best  qual- 
ity of  No.  1  white  Pine  Lath.  These  lath  are  to  be  laid  up  y%'  apart  and 
six  to  a  break  and  to  have  six  nails  to  each  lath,  two  nails  in  the  ends  and 
one  to  each  intermediate  stud.  All  lath  to  be  well  soaked  in  water 
before  being  used. 

Plastering — As  soon  as  possible  after  the  lathing  is  done,  brown  out 
the  Avails  with  a  brown  coat  of  U.  S.  Gypsum  Co.'s  or  equal  prepared 
hard  wall  plaster  specially  prepared  and  well  fibered  for  wood  lath  work. 
This  coat  to  be  screeded  and  rodded  in  all  directions. 

Finish  Coat — Sand  Finish.  Within  12  hours  after  the  wall  has  been 
browned  out  and  while  still  green  apply  a  finish  coat  of  prepared  lime 
sand  finish.  This  coat  to  be  well  floated,  using  plenty  of  water  in  the 
operation. 

PANEL  NO.  3 

Two-Inch  Solid  Metal  Lath. 

(Fig.  No.  8.) 

Studding — The  channel  iron  used  in  this  work  shall  be  Y^'  standard 
steel  channel  weighing  not  less  than  .55  pound  per  linear  foot  or  a 
channel  formed  up  from  steel  No.  18  guage  or  heavier,  weighing  not 
less  than  .25  pound  per  linear  foot.  The  channel  studding  is  to  be  set 
12"  center  to  center,  well  secured  top  and  bottom  to  the  construction. 
Temporarily  brace  partitions  between  ceiling  and  floor,  which  brace  shall 
remain  until  after  thet  scratch  coat  has  set. 

Lath — All  lath  used  in  this  work  to  be  24-gauge  expanded  metal 
lath,  painted  both  sides  and  weighing  not  less  than  3*4  pounds  per  square 
yard.  This  partition  to  be  lathed  on  one  side  only.  This  lath  is  to  be 
sewed  to  the  channel  iron  with  No.  18  gauge  annealed  galvanized  tie 
wire.  One  tie  every  4"  vertical  and  one  tie  between  each  stud  or  vertical 
channel.  Each  tie  to  receive  two  twists.  The  sheets  of  lath  are  to  lock 
or  lap  at  least  V  all  edges. 

Plastering — Same  as  under  Metal  Lath  on  Wood  Studding,  except 
that  it  is  back-plastered  to  make  a  solid  2"  partition. 

Grounds — y±"  on  lathed  side  and  y2"  on  opposite  side. 

14 


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PART/TICK 


PANEL  NO.  4 

Stucco  Wall  According  to  Typical  Specifications  of 
Associated  Metal  Lath  Manufacturers. 

(Fig.  No.  9.) 

Studding — Shall  be  2"  x  4"  well  seasoned  Norway  pine  set  12"  center 
to  center,  well  nailed  top  and  bottom  to  a  plate  and  sill  of  the  same  size. 
The  faces  of  the  studs  where  the  plaster  will  come  in  contact  with  them 
should  be  given  one  coat  of  good  water  proof  paint. 

Bridging — Midway  of  the  height  of  the  panel,  brace  between  the 
studding  with  2"  x  3"  bridging  placed  horizontally  but  with  the  faces  of 
the  bridging  inclined  in  alternate  directions  in  adjacent  spaces. 

Furring — Use  painted  rods  or  crimped  furring,  *4"  applied  along  the 
edge  of  the  studding  with  1^4"  No.  14  gauge  staples. 

Lathing — Use  No.  24  gauge  expanded  metal  lath  weighing  not  less 
than  3*4  pounds  per  square  yard,  fastened  horizontally  over  the  furring 
strips  with  \}/\"  No.  14  gauge  staples.  Tie  the  sheets  between  furring 
with  No.  18  gauge  galvanized  wire.  The  sheets  should  be  locked  or 
lapped  at  least  1"  and  tied  at  joints  both  vertically  and  horizontally. 

Plastering — For  First  and  Second  coats  and  back-plastering,  mix  in 
the  following  proportions : 

Lime  Mortar:     2  barrels  of  hydrated  lime 

1  yard  of  clean  sharp  sand  free  from  loam. 
4  bushels  cattle  hair. 
Make  up  at  least  3  days  before  using. 
Cement  Mortar :    2  parts  of  clean  sharp  sand,  free  from  loam. 

1  part  Portland  cement. 
Mix  fresh  in  small  batches  as  used. 

The  First  and  Second  coats  should  be  of  good  thickness  and  the 
finishing  coat  should  have  with  it  a  mixture  of  water-proofing.  A  total 
thickness  of  plaster  of  about  ll/2"  is  good  practice. 

It  is  aimed  for  the  First  and  Second  coats  to  get  a  Portland  cement 
mortar  with  as  little  lime  in  it  as  will  make  it  work  properly.  Clean 
long  winter  cattle  hair  should  be  used. 

The  Lime  and  Cement  mortar  should  be  mixed  and  tempered  sepa- 
rately, measured  carefully,  equal  parts  of  each,  and  mixed  well  together. 

In  plastering  over  the  face  of  the  stud,  the  plaster  should  be  forced 
well  through  the  lath  in  order  to  fill  entirely  the  space  between  the  lath 
and  the  stud. 

The  back-plastering  should  be  a  heavy  coat,  well  troweled  so  that  the 
lath  is  entirely  enveloped.  The  final  coat  shall  be  brought  to  a  smooth 
finish  and  even  surface  with  a  steel  trowel.  The  lathing  and  plastering 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  wall  should  be  the  same  as  for  Metal  Lath  on 
Wood  Studding  in  Panel  No.  1. 

The  exterior  plaster  must  not  be  allowed  to  set  rapidly.  If  neces- 
sary, hang  a  curtain  in  front  of  the  wall  of  burlap  or  other  material  that 
can  be  kept  moist  for  a  couple  of  days.  Stucco  should  never  be  applied 
wrhen  the  temperature  is  below  freezing. 

18 


PANEL  NO.  5 
Four-Inch  Hollow  Metal  Lath. 

(Fig.  No.  10.) 

Studs — To  be  Zl/2"  metal  stud  formed  up  from  steel  not  lighter  than 
No.  18  gauge  and  weighing  not  less  than  .457  pound  per  linear  foot,  set 
12"  center  to  center  and  lathed  on  each  side. 

Lathing — All  lath  used  in  this  work  to  be  No.  24  guage  expanded 
metal  lath,  painted  on  both  sides  and  weighing  not  less  than  3%  pounds 
per  square  yard.  This  lath  is  to  be  sewed  to  the  studs  with  No.  18  guage 
annealed  galvanized  tie  wire.  One  tie  every  4"  vertical  and  one  tie  hori- 
zontally between  each  two  studs.  Each  tie  to  receive  two  twists.  The 
sheets  of  lath  are  to  lock,  or  lap,  at  least  1"  all  edges. 

Grounds— To  be  y4"  thick. 

Plastering — Same  as  Metal  Lath  on  Wood  Studding. 

PANEL  NO.  6 
Plaster  Board  on  Wood  Studding. 

(Fig.  No.  11.) 

Studding — The  studs  to  which  the  plaster  board  is  to  be  applied  shall 
be  2"  x  4"  well-seasoned  Norway  pine  set  16"  center  to  center,  well  nailed 
top  and  bottom  to  a  plate  and  sill  of  same  size. 

Grounds — To  be  ^4"  thick. 

Plaster  Board — The  plaster  board  shall  be  3/£"  thick,  weighing  not 
less  than  2  pounds  per  square  foot  and  equal  to  that  manufactured  by 
the  U.  S.  Gypsum  Co.  The  boards  must  be  spaced  not  less  than  }/\"  apart 
on  all  sides  and  each  nail  driven  firm  and  tight. 

Nailing — First  nail  the  entire  middle  of  the  board  and  then  the  outer 
edges,  using  1*4"  No.  10  gauge,  7-16  head  wire  nails,  set  4"  apart  with 
each  nail  driven  firm  and  tight. 

Joints — Joints  must  be  broken  horizontally  and  perpendicularly. 
Joints  must  not  come  on  the  same  stud  on  opposite  side  of  partitions. 

Do  Not  Wet  Boards — Care  must  be  taken  that  the  plaster  board  is 
not  wet  before  the  application  of  the  plaster. 

Plaster — To  be  U.  S.  Gypsum  Co.'s  Imperial  Prepared  Plaster  or 
equal. 

Brown  Coat — First  thoroughly  fill  the  joints  between  the  boards, 
using  the  above  material.  Follow  this  up  with  a  brown  coat  about  ^" 
thick  of  the  above,  carefully  laid  on  with  darby  to  a  straight  and  even 
surface,  ready  to  receive  the  finish  coat. 

Finish  Coat — After  the  brown  coat  has  set  firm  and  hard  but  while 
still  green  (within  12  hours  after  the  base  coat  has  been  applied),  lay  on 
a  finish  coat  of  U.  S.  Gypsum  Co.'s  Prepared  Sand  Float  Finish,  or 
equal.  This  material  is  to  be  laid  on  with  a  trowel  and  floated  with  a 
cork  or  carpet  float,  working  the  material  to  a  true  and  even  granular 
surface,  free  from  float  marks  and  cat  faces,  using  as  little  water  as  pos- 
sible in  floating. 

20 


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C?\\\\\\\lJ * 


It  was  the  aim  of  the  committee  to  have  the  above  specifications 
fulfilled  in  materials  and  workmanship  as  would  be  required  in  good 
practice.  The  plastering  was  done  by  an  efficient  plasterer  of  several 
years'  experience,  and  the  mixing  of  the  plaster  by  a  man  also  of  several 
years  of  experience  in  this  work. 

MINOR  TEST  SPECIMENS. 

Six-inch  cubes  were  made  from  the  different  mixtures  of  plaster  and 
after  setting  in  air  for  twenty-four  hours  were  stored  in  damp  sand. 
One-half  of  these  cubes  were  then  placed  in  the  furnaces  and  subjected 
to  the  same  heat  test  as  the  panels  which  they  represented.  It  was  the 
intention  of  the  committee  to  make  compression  tests  to  determine  the 
effect  of  the  heat  on  the  strength  of  the  mortar,  but  the  cubes  subjected 
to  heat  disintegrated  so  completely  that  these  tests  could  not  be  made ; 
hence  none  of  the  cubes  were  tested  for  compressive  strength. 

PLASTERING. 

Panel  No.  1 — The  plaster  for  this  panel  was  mixed  in  batches  as 
follows  : 

Scratch  Coat : 

2  pails  Diamond  Portland  Cement 

4  pounds  Tiger  brand  Hydrated  lime 
thoroughly  mixed  to  a  uniform  color,  then  added 

5  pails  bank  sand. 

The  whole  was  then  thoroughly  mixed  until  of  a  uniform  color, 
when  2-3  pound  wet  hair  was  added  and  tempered  with  the  proper 
amount  of  wrater  to  work  freely  under  the  trowel.  The  Brown  coat  for 
this  panel  was  prepared  as  the  above  scratch  coat  with  the  exception  of 
the  hair,  which  was  omitted. 

The  finish  coat  was  mixed  as  specified  : 

1  pail  of  Diamond  cement 
2l/2  pails  of  sand. 

The  various  coats  were  applied  as  follows  :  Scratch  coat,  May  3rd  ; 
Brown  coat,  May  5th,  and  Finish  coat,  May  6th. 

Panel  No.  2 — The  plaster  and  finish  for  this  panel,  being  prepared 
when  purchased,  was  tempered  with  the  proper  amount  of  water  and 
applied  as  per  specifications.  The  coats  of  plaster  were  applied  as  fol- 
lows :  First  coat.  May  3rd,  and  Finish  coat,  May  4th. 

Panel  No.  3 — The  plaster  for  this  panel  was  mixed  in  the  same  pro- 
portion and  the  same  sized  batches  were  prepared  at  a  time  as  in  Panel 
No.  1.  The  plastering  was  done  as  follows :  Scratch  coat  on  lath  side, 
May  5th  ;  back  plastered  on  studding  side,  May  6th  ;  Brown  coat  on  lath 
side,  May  6th,  and  Finish  coat  on  both  sides,  May  7th. 

Panel  No.  4 — The  lime  mortar  for  this  panel  was  prepared  on  May 
3rd,  and  mixed  in  the  following  proportions : 

2  sacks  of  Tiger  brand  hydrated  lime 
}/4  yard  of  sand 

1  bushel  of  hair. 

22 


Note :     The  sudden  drop  of  temperatures  of  furnaces  Nos.  4  and  6 
was  due  to  the  shutting  off  of  the  fires.     For  details  see  pages  54  and  58. 


In  this  specification,  one  barrel  of  hydrated  lime  was  interpreted  as 
meaning  four  sacks. 

The  cement  mortar  was  mixed  as  follows : 

1  part  of  Diamond  Portland  cement 

2  parts  of  sand. 

The  first  and  second  coats  used  on  this  panel  were  mixed  in  the  fol- 
lowing proportions: 

1  part  lime  mortar 
1  part  cement  mortar. 

The  finish  coat  for  the  stucco  side,  which  was  also  the  fire  side,  was 
mixed  as  follows : 

1  pail  Diamond  Portland  cement 

2  pails  of  sand 

y^  pound  of  water-profing  compound. 

The  finish  coat  for  the  outside  wall  was  mixed  in  the  same  propor- 
tion as  for  Panel  No.  1. 

The  plastering  was  as  follows  :  Scratch  coat  and  back  plaster,  May 
6th  ;  Brown  coat,  May  7th,  and  finish  coat,  May  8th. 

Panel  No.  5 — The  plaster  for  this  panel  was  mixed  in  the  same  pro- 
portion and  in  the  same  quantities  as  for  Panel  No.  1.  The  plastering 
was  done  as  follows  :  Scratch  coat,  May  5th  ;  Brown  coat,  May  6th,  and 
Finish  coat  on  May  7th. 

Panel  No.  6 — In  the  construction  of  Panel  6  the  plaster  board  used 
was  marked  "Sackett."  The  plaster  and  finish  being  prepared  when 
received,  was  tempered  with  the  proper  amount  of  water  and  applied  as 
specified.  The  plastering  was  done  as  follows  :  First  Coat,  May  3rd  ; 
Finish  Coat,  May  4th. 


TESTS  AND  TESTING. 

General — On  June  27th  the  burners  were  given  a  final  tryout  and  the 
doors  of  the  furnaces  were  closed  and  sealed  around  the  edges  with  fire 
clay.  Deflection  wires  were  put  in  place,  thermometer  holders  were 
cemented  to  the  panels,  and  preparation  in  general  wras  made  for  the 
firing  of  the  furnaces  on  the  following  day. 

On  June  28th,  the  day  set  for  the  tests,  the  first  panel  was  fired  at 
7:57  A.  M.  The  order  of  firing  was  as  follows:  Panel  No.  1,  Panel 
No.  3,  Panel  No.  5,  Panel  No.  2,  Panel  No.  4,  and  Panel  No.  G. 

In  the  tests  of  the  various  partitions  it  was  the  aim  of  the  committee 
to  follow  as  closely  as  conditions  would  permit  the  requirements  of  the 
Standard  Test  of  Fireproof  Partition  Construction  of  the  American  Soci- 
ety for  Testing  Materials.  This  requires  the  temperature  of  the  furnace 
to  be  raised  from  room  temperature  to  1700 °F.  by  the  end  of  the  first 
half  hour,  and  to  be  maintained  at  an  average  temperature  of  1700°  F. 
for  one  and  one-half  hours  thereafter,  making  the  duration  of  the  test 
two  hours.  At  the  end  of  the  heat  test,  the  partition  to  be  subjected  to 
a  stream  of  water  discharged  through  a  l^'g-inch  nozzle  under  30  pounds 
nozzle  pressure  for  %l/2  minutes. 

The  partitions  in  these  tests  were  subjected  to  an  average  temper- 
ature somewhat  in  excess  of  that  required  by  the  above  specifications, 
but  as  will  be  noted  by  reference  to  Figure  12  that  the  average  tempera- 
ture of  the  various  furnaces  is  practically  the  same  for  all  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Furnace  No.  G,  in  which  the  maximum  temperature  reached  was 
1560°  F. 


26 


After  being  subjected  to  the  heat  test  the  doors  were  opened  and 
the  fire  side  was  subjected  to  the  water  test.  A  stream  of  water  was 
directed  against  the  panels  through  a  1^-inch  ring  nozzle  under  a  pres- 
sure slightly  less  than  that  required  by  the  Standard  Specifications. 
The  pressure  for  the  various  panels  will  be  found  under  observations  of 
panels  during  test. 

The  opening  of  the  door  of  the  furnaces  was  accomplished  with  the 
aid  of  a  block  and  tackle.  This  was  attached  to  the  lower  outer  corner 
of  the  door  as  close  to  the  wheel  as  possible  in  order  to  avoid  any  twist- 
ing of  the  panel  due  to  the  pull  necessary.  The  pull  was  exerted  by  a 
number  of  men,  being  one  slow,  steady  pull. 

To  firemen  accustomed  to  the  handling  of  the  nozzle  were  detailed 
by  the  Cleveland  Fire  Department  to  apply  the  water  test  under  the 
direction  of  the  committee.  In  all  cases  the  nozzle  was  at  a  distance  of 
about  20  feet  from  the  panel. 

The  water  used  in  these  tests  was  piped  to  the  Laboratory  from  a 
nearby  hydrant  through  a  S^-inch  pipe  line  and  the  loss  of  head  due  to 
friction  accounting  for  the  low  pressure  at  the  base  of  the  nozzle.  How- 
ever, the  pressure  for  all  the  test  panels  being  practically  the  same  makes 
a  comparative  test  of  these  panels  under  this  condition. 

The  following  is  the  weather  conditions  for  June  28th  as  furnished 
by  the  local  office  of  the  Weather  Bureau. 

"June  28,  1912,  the  weather  was  partly  cloudy  from  7  :00  A.  M.  to 
5:00  P.  M.,  and  there  was  no  precipitation. 


28 


The  wind  direction  and  velocity  was  as  follows: 

7  a.  m.- —  7  miles  from      SE         1  p.  m. —  9  miles  from  W. 

8  a.  m.—  7  miles  from         S         2  p.  m. —  8  miles  from  W. 

9  a.  m. —  8  miles  from       W         3  p.  m. —  4  miles  from  W. 

10  a.  m. — 10  miles  from       W         4  p.  m. — rlO  miles  from  W. 

11  a.m. —  8  miles  from    SW         5  p.m. —  7  miles  from  W. 

12  a.  m.—  8  miles  from  NW 

The  temperature  Fahrenheit  was  as  follows  : 

5  a.  m 67  12  noon 76 

6  a.  m 69  1  p.  m 77 

7  a.  m 71  2  p.  m 77 

8  a.  m 75  3  p.  m 80 

9  a.  m 77  4  p.  m 78 

10  a.  m 78  5  p.  m 76 

11  a.  m 77 

The  barometer  at  5  :()0  a.  m.  was  29.25,  and  at  5  :00  p.  m.,  29.22. 
The  weather  conditions  for  June  29th  were  as  follows: 
"Clear.     No  precipitation. 

The  wind  direction  and  veloctiy : 

7  a.  m 10  miles    SW 

8  a.  m 11  miles      W 

9  a.  m 15  miles       W 

10  a.  m 14  miles      W 

11  a.  m 14  miles      W 

12  a.  m 13  miles      W 

The  temperature  Fahrenheit  was  as  follows : 


7  a.  m  

74 

8  a.  m  

76 

9  a  m 

77 

10  a  m 

77 

11  a  m 

78 

12  a.  m.. 

.  .79 

30 


OBSERVATION  ON  PANEL  NO.  1 
Metal  Lath  on  Wood  Studding. 

7  :57     Fire  lighted. 

8  :07     Vertical  crack  on  outside  wall  at  20  inches  from  side. 
8  :10     Odor  of  burning  hair. 

8  :15     Steam  escaping  from  the  edges. 

8  :20     Escaping  steam  stopped  with  mortar. 

8  :23     Small  crack  on  outside  wall  across  upper  corner. 

8  :28     Small  crack  on  outside  wall  across  lower  corner. 

8  :30     Crack  appears  on  fire  side,  with  noticeable  deflection  of  entire 

panel  towards  fire.     Fire  unequally  distributed. 
8  :35     Crack  on  fire  side  enlarging  and  vertical  crack  appeared  on 

outside  at  center  of  panel.     Escaping  gases  at  top  of  panel. 
8  :57     Gases  issuing  from  vertical  crack  on  outside  at  center  of  panel. 

Cracks  on  fire  side  enlarging.    Fire  very  equally  distributed. 

8  :58     Buckling  of  plaster  on  fire  side.     Gases  issuing  from  vertical 

crack  noted  at  8 :07.  Tar  condensing  on  edges  of  cracks. 
Gases  of  distillation  escaping  on  both  sides  and  burning 
on  fire  side. 

9  :15     Photograph,  Fig.  21,  taken,  showing  the  escaping  gases  from 

vertical  cracks  on  outside  wall. 

9:00  Crack  joining  cracks  noted  at  8:07  and  8:28. 
9  :20  Continued  combustion  of  gases  on  fire  side. 
9:30  Thermometers  removed  from  outside  wall  of  panel.  Vertical 

crack  y$  inch  wide. 
9  :35     Frame  deflection  away  from  the  fire.      Gases  escaping  through 

outside  wall  decreasing. 
9  :50     Gases  have  ceased  to  issue  from  vertical  crack  in  outside  wall 

at  center  of  panel.     Gases  escaping  around  edges  of  frame. 
9  :54     Fire  shut  off. 


9  :57  Door  opened.  With  exception  of  cracks,  shown  in  Fig.  22, 
the  surface  appeared  to  be  in  good  condition.  A  lapse  of  55  seconds 
occurred  from  the  opening  of  the  door  to  the  application  of  water,  which 
was  played  over  the  surface  of  the  panel  for  2^2  minutes,  at  a  nozzle  pres- 
sure of  20  pounds  per  square  inch.  Fig.  23,  a  photograph  taken  after 
the  application  of  water,  clearly  shows  the  condition  of  the  panel.  The 
horizontal  cracks  appearing  in  this  figure  are  at  the  splicing  of  the  metal 
lath.  The  vertical  cracks  are  directly  opposite  wood  studs.  Fig.  24  is 
a  photograph  taken  after  the  removal  of  the  lath  and  plaster  on  the  fire 
side  and  shows  the  extent  of  the  destruction  of  the  studding  by  distilla- 
tion. It  may  be  noted  that  the  key  of  the  plaster  on  the  outside  wall  is 
intact. 


34 


wfs 

^T"  x K       x. 


-7% 


4 


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iiiijl.. .  \V 


<7  «g  3-t/,c>          2b        o5£>       "^        t52?     //f/r        /2? 

r/3''# 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  PANEL  NO.  2 
Wood  Lath  on  Wood  Studding. 

10  :26     Fire  lighted. 

10  :40     Spalling  of  finish  coat  on  fire  side.     Outside  wall  perfect. 

10  :50     Spalling  increasing  and  horizontal  crack  developing  on  fire  side. 

11 :00  Large  horizontal  cracks  and  much  Spalling  on  fire  side.  Parti- 
tion deflecting  away  from  fire. 

11 :10     Gases  of  distillation  burning  from  crack  on  fire  side. 

11 :18     Plaster  dropped  off,  near  bottom,  on  fire  side  and  wood  burning. 

11:30  Outside  wall  in  good  condition  except  discoloration  near  bottom 
showing  outlines  of  lath. 

11:35  Wood  studding  burning  away  at  bottom.  Thermometers 
removed  on  account  of  dangerous  condition  of  panel.  Ver- 
tical crack  developing  with  large  outward  deflection  of  panel. 

11 :40     Fire  visible  near  bottom  of  panel  through  vertical  crack. 

11 :45  Photograph  taken  showing  fire  through  vertical  crack  and  dis- 
coloration noted  at  11 :30.  See  Fig.  25.  Entire  wood  con- 
struction gone  for  all  practical  purposes.  Plaster  in  position 
due  chiefly  to  inward  draught  through  opening  burned  in  wall. 

11 :55     Hole  in  partition  one  foot  in  diameter. 

12  :10     Hole  one  foot  by  two  feet. 

12 :20  Photograph,  Fig.  26,  showing  large  hole  in  partition.  Fire 
turned  off. 

12 :21     Door   opened.     Entire   collapse   of   partition   due   to   opening   of 
door  as  shown  by  photograph  taken  at  12  :23,  Fig.  27,  before 
the  application  of  water. 
After  the  application  of  water  for  15  seconds  at  20  pounds  nozzle 

pressure  the  frame  was  entirely  cleaned  of  all  lath  and  plaster  as  shown 

in  Fig.  28. 

The  frame  was  virtually  a  failure  at  the  end  of  one  hour  and  fifteen 

minutes. 


36 


- 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  PANEL  NO.  3. 
Two-Inch  Solid  Metal  Lath  and  Metal  Studding. 

An  examination  of  this  panel  before  lighting  the  fire  revealed  a  large 
number  of  diagonal  cracks  on  outside  wall,  clearly  shown  in  Fig.  22,  a 
photograph  taken  after  fire  was  started.  The  dark  lines  are  due  to 
moisture  along  the  edges  of  cracks,  driven  out  by  the  heat.  No  cracks 
were  observed  on  the  fire  side  of  this  partition  before  firing. 
8  :27  Fire  lighted. 

8  :32     Cracks  above  mentioned  enlarging. 
8  :34     Crack  appeared  on  fire  side. 

8  :35  Much  moisture  appearing  along  cracks.  It  was  evident  from  the 
amount  of  moisture  driven  out  by  the  heat  that  this  panel  con- 
tained a  large  amount  of  water. 

8  A3  A  part  of  the  plaster  of  the  outside  wall  blown  off  and  accom- 
panied by  a  sharp  report,  throwing  plaster  several  feet.  This 
was  undoubtedly  due  to  a  generation  of  steam  between  the 
improperly  bonded  coats  of  plaster.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  29, 
a  photograph  taken  at  9  :03.  In  this  photograph  the  width  of 
the  diagonal  marks  does  not  indicate  the  width  of  cracks,  but 
shows  the  moisture  along  these  cracks.  The  dark  vertical 
lines  where  plaster  is  blown  off  are  the  metal  studding  of  the 
partition. 

8  :^7     Steam  issuing  along  the  exposed  metal  studding  where  plaster 

was  blown  off. 

9  :10     Frame  deflecting  towards  the  fire. 

9  :20     Smoke  due  to  burning  of  hair  in  plaster  and  steam  practically 

ceased. 
9  :31     Soot  burned  off  mica  covering  peep  hole.     Small  vertical  crack 

noted. 

9  :37     Small  diagonal  crack  appears  on  fire  side. 
9 :45     Vertical   crack   on   fire   side   three   feet   long.     Crackling   sounds 

heard.     Smoke  and  steam  ceased  to  issue. 
10  :25     Fire  shut  off. 

10  :27  Door  opened.  Fig.  30,  photograph  taken  after  opening  of  door 
and  before  the  application  of  water,  shows  the  good  condition 
of  plaster. 

Thirty  seconds  after  the  opening  of  the  door  the  water  was  applied 
2^2  minutes  with  a  nozzle  pressure  of  20  pounds  per  square  inch. 
Fig.  31,  a  photograph  taken  after  the  application  of  water,  shows  the 
extent  of  the  spalling  of  the  plaster  on  the  partition  due  to  the  water  test. 


38 


I/-Z 


;S 


3-2 
3 
2't 

2-4# 
2 
/'/ 

/•ji 

/'A 
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2 
•A 
2; 


IB 

>  "°- 

•*  ^ 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  PANEL  NO.  4 
Stucco :     Metal  Lath  on  Wood  Studding. 

Upon    examination    of    this    panel    before    testing,    diagonal    cracks 

extending  in  two  directions  at  right  angles  and  one  short  vertical  crack 

extending  upward  from  the  bottom  were  found. 

11 :52     Fire  lighted. 

12  :40  Plaster  on  fire  side  spalling  off,  exposing  about  six  square  inches 
of  metal  lath.  Fire  turned  off  due  to  cutting  of  piston  in 
pump.  Test  discontinued  until  next  day.  Pyrometer  read- 
ing 1790  F. 

12  :49.     Pyrometer  reading  had  dropped  to  1380  F. 

June  29. 

10:16     Fire  lighted. 

10 :32  Temperature  of  furnace  at  1380  F.  It  was  the  decision  of  the 
committee  that  the  duration  of  the  test  should  be  reckoned 
from  this  time,  making  the  test  due  to  end  at  11 :35. 

10:23  Cracks  on  outside  wall  enlarging.  Mica  covered  with  soot  so 
that  observations  of  interior  impossible. 

10  :38     Vertical  crack  developing  near  center  of  panel  on  outside  wall. 

11 :03  Soot  burned  off,  making  observations  possible  on  fire  side.  Flori- 
zontal  crack  on  outside  wall,  near  center,  enlarging. 

11 :09  Vertical  crack  on  fire  side  enlarging,  and  horizontal  crack  across 
middle  of  panel  on  fire  side  also  enlarging. 

11 :13  Vertical  crack  on  outside  enlarging  with  much  outward  deflec- 
tion along  crack. 

11 :15     Vertical  crack  on  outside  1-16  inch  wide. 

11:16     Gases  beginning  to  escape  from  vertical  crack,  outside  wall. 

11 :17     Gases  from  crack  on  inside  burning. 

11 :25  Vertical  crack  on  outside  l/s  inch  wide  with  much  bulging  on 
both  sides.  Only  small  amount  of  gas  escaping  and  no  tar 
noticeable. 

11 :27     Photograph,  Fig.  32,  showing  this  vertical  crack. 

11:32     Fire  turned  off. 

11 :34  Door  opened  and  photograph,  Fig.  33,  taken  showing  the  condi- 
tion of  this  panel  before  the  application  of  water. 


40 


This  photograph  shows  the  horizontal  crack  on  the  fire  side  of  panel 
with  the  burning  gases ;  also  the  extent  of  the  spalling  of  the  plaster  on 
the  fire  side. 

Twenty-seven  seconds  elapsed  from  the  time  of  opening  of  door  until 
the  application  of  water.  Fig.  34  is  a  photograph  taken  after  the  appli- 
cation of  the  water. 

The  effect  of  the  spalling  noted  at  12:40  on  the  first  day  of  the  test 
reducing  the  protection  to  the  lath  and  studding  and  the  result  of  this 
reduction  is  clearly  shown  in  Figures  34  and  35,  photographs  taken  after 
the  application  of  water  and  after  the  removing  of  the  plaster  and  lath. 

Upon  opening  the  door  a  small  hole  was  noted  in  the  lower  right 
hand  corner.  This  hole  was  made  by  the  fireman  in  an  attempt  to  clear 
the  burner  of  the  debris  resulting  from  the  spalling  of  the  plaster  the 
previous  day,  and  was  not  the  effect  of  fire. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  PANEL  NO.  5. 
Metal  Lath  on  Metal  Studding — Hollow. 

An  examination  of  this  panel  before  firing  revealed  a  diagonal  crack 

extending  from  a  point  6  feet,  1  inch  above  the  bottom  on  the  hinge  side 

to  a  point  on  the  opposite  side  at  a  height  of  4  feet,  3  inches  from  the 

bottom.     A  vertical  crack  extending  from  the  bottom  of  the  panel  to  the 

diagonal  crack  mentioned  was  found  at  the  middle  of  the  door.     These 

cracks  were  on  the  fire  side  wall. 
9  :54     Fire  lighted. 

10  :10     Diagonal  cracks  across  all  corners  and  a  horizontal  crack  at  cen- 
ter and  one  slightly  below  center  of  panel  noted. 

10  :12     Steam  issuing  along  edges. 

10  :16     Breeze  striking  panel.     Deflecting  rapidly  towards  fire. 

10  :26     Vertical  crack  on  fire  side,  noted  before  firing,  opening  up. 

10  :33     Vertical  crack  mentioned  at  10  :26  enlarging  and  another  vertical 
crack  observed  on  fire  side. 

10  :45     Another  horizontal  crack  on  fire  side. 

10  :46     Horizontal  crack  on  outside  enlarging. 

11 :00     Crackling  sounds.     No  smoke  and  very  little  steam.     Cracks  on 
fire  side  enlarging. 

11 :51     Fire  shut  off. 

11 :52     Door  opened  and  photograph,  Fig.  36,  taken.     This  photograph 

shows  the  plaster  intact  and  also  the  cracks  above  mentioned. 

Twenty-eight  seconds  elapsed  between  the  opening  of  the  door  and 

the  application  of  the  water.     Pressure  at  the  base  of  nozzle  20  pounds 

per  square  inch. 

Figure  37,  a  photograph  taken  after  the  application  of  water  for  %l/2 

minutes,  shows  the  spalling  of  the  plaster  due  to  the  application  of  water, 

exposing   the   metal   lath    and    studding   in    some    places.     Water    came 

through  this  partition  through  the  horizontal  crack  at  center  of  panel 

where  lath  is  exposed. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  PANEL  NO.  6. 
Plasterboard  on  Wood  Studding. 

12  :24     Fire  lighted. 

12  :30     Vertical  cracks  on  outside.     One  at  center  and  one  at  each  of  the 
one-third  points.     Large  vertical  crack  on  fire  side. 

12 :40  Spalling  of  plaster  on  lower  left  hand  corner  on  outside,  near 
frame. 

12  :42     Pyrometer  reading  1500F.     Fire  out  due  to  failure  of  pump. 

12  :4S     Pyrometer  reading  1080  F. 

June  29. 
9  :53     Fire  lighted. 

10 :02^  Pyrometer  reading  reached  1080  F.  It  was  decided  to  reckon 
the  remaining  time  for  the  test  from  this  point,  making  the 
test  due  to  end  at  11 :38^>. 

10  :05  Plaster  spalled  from  plaster  board  on  nearly  all  of  panel  on  fire 
side. 

10:07     Plaster  board  burned  off  and  studding  on  fire  at  bottom. 

10  :10     Studding  nearly  all  burned  away  at  bottom. 

10  :12     Large  bulge  towards  outside  developed  at  lower  left  hand  corner. 

10  :15  Studding  all  aflame  across  the  whole  partition.  Lower  half  com- 
pletely burned  away. 

10:23     Fire  visible  through  plaster  at  bulge  noted  at  10:12. 

10  :36     Opening  6x18  inches. 

10 :38  Photograph,  Fig.  38,  taken,  showing  hole  in  partition.  Hole 
about  three  square  feet  in  area. 

10  :39     Fire  shut  off. 

10  :43  Door  opened.  Partition  collapsed  as  shown  in  Fig.  39,  a  pho- 
tograph taken  before  the  application  of  water. 

10 :45  Water  applied  and  continued  for  35  seconds,  with  the  result 
shown  in  Fig.  40,  a  photogarph  taken  after  the  application  of 
water.  This  photograph  also  shows  the  complete  disintegra- 
tion of  plaster  and  plaster  board  on  the  grate  of  the  furnace. 


46 


TABLE  6 

Temperature  of  Furnace  No.  1 
Panel  No.  1 


Time 

Pyrometer 

Correction 

Correction  for 

Actual 

Hr.    Min. 

Readings 

for  Couple 

Cold  End  Junct. 

Temperature 

(—  ) 

(+) 

of  Furnace 

7    54 

30  Fire  started. 

8    00 

120 

20 

4 

104 

03 

370 

10 

5 

365 

06 

610 

10 

7 

607 

09 

850 

10 

8 

838 

12 

1020 

10 

9 

1019 

15 

1140 

10 

9 

1139 

18 

1220 

10 

10 

1220 

21 

1290 

15 

11 

1286 

24: 

1340 

15 

11 

1336 

27 

1400 

20 

13 

1393 

30 

1460 

20 

14 

1456 

33 

1470 

20 

16 

1466 

36 

1550 

35 

9 

1534 

39 

1570 

25 

9 

1554 

42 

1530 

25 

14 

1519 

45 

1575 

30 

14 

1559 

48 

1640 

30 

15 

1625 

51 

1690 

30 

17 

1677 

54 

1730 

30 

18 

1718 

57 

1820 

30 

18 

1808 

9    00 

1850 

30 

18 

1838 

03 

1860 

30 

18 

1848 

06 

1820 

30 

19 

1809 

09 

1780 

30 

21 

1771 

12 

1820 

30 

23 

1813 

15 

1840 

30 

24 

1834 

18 

1840 

30 

23 

1833 

21 

1850 

30 

27 

1847 

24 

1860 

30 

30 

1860 

27 

1860 

30 

32 

1862 

30 

1880 

30 

33 

1883 

33 

1760 

30 

33 

1763 

36 

1850 

30 

34 

1854 

39 

1890 

30 

35 

1895 

42 

1910 

30 

30 

1910 

45 

1910 

30 

32 

1912 

48 

1840 

30 

27 

1837 

51 

1840 

30 

25 

1835 

54 

Fire  off   1870 

30 

27 

1867 

57 

1720 

48 


TABLE  7 

Temperature  of  Furnace  No.  2 
Panel  No.  2 


Time 

Pyrometer 

Correction 

Correction  for 

Actual 

Hr.    3 

1  in. 

Readings 

for  Couple 

Cold  End  Juuct. 

Temperature 

(  —  ) 

(  -f  ) 

of  Furnace 

10 

26 

Fire  started. 

29 

160 

30 

29 

159 

32 

500 

30 

37 

507 

35 

890 

30 

39 

919 

38 

1130 

10 

43 

1163 

41 

1270 

0 

44 

1314 

44 

1360 

10 

44 

1394 

47 

1460 

20 

47 

1487 

50 

1510 

20 

49 

1539 

53 

1560 

20 

49 

1589 

56 

1580 

20 

51 

1611 

59 

1640 

30 

54 

1664 

11 

02 

1720 

30 

57 

1747 

05 

1780 

30 

57 

1807 

08 

1730 

30 

54 

1757 

11 

1670 

30 

54 

1697 

14 

1780 

30 

57 

1817 

17 

1800 

30 

57 

1827 

20 

1830 

30 

55 

1655 

23 

1690 

30 

56 

1716 

26 

1820 

30 

57 

1847 

29 

1800 

30 

57 

1827 

32 

1770 

30 

57 

1797 

35 

1780 

30 

57 

1807 

38 

1850 

30 

60 

1880 

41 

1830 

30 

61 

1861 

44 

1820 

30 

64 

1854 

47 

1830 

30 

65 

1865 

50 

1800 

30 

66 

1836 

53 

1780 

30 

66 

1816 

56 

1730 

30 

66 

1766 

59 

1770 

30 

66 

1806 

12 

02 

1700 

30 

63 

1733 

05 

1620 

30 

60 

1650 

08 

1570 

30 

59 

1599 

11 

1510 

30 

60 

1540 

14 

1460 

30 

61 

1471 

15 

1440 

30 

63 

1463 

20 

Fire  off   1450 

30 

63 

1483 

50 


TABLE  8 

Temperature  of  Furnace  No.  3 
Panel  No.  3 


Time 

Pyrometer 

Correction 

Correction  for 

Actual 

Hr. 

Min. 

Readings 

for  Couple 

Cold  End  Junct. 

Temperature 

(  —  ) 

(  +  ) 

of  Furnace 

8 

27 

Fire  lighted. 

31 

260 

30 

20 

250 

34 

570 

30 

23 

563 

37 

860 

20 

25 

865 

40 

1030 

10 

27 

1047 

43 

1200 

00 

27 

1227 

46 

1310 

00 

27 

1337 

49 

1370 

00 

29 

1399 

52 

1440 

10 

30 

1460 

55 

1490 

20 

32 

1502 

58 

1530 

20 

32 

1542 

9 

01 

1540 

20 

31 

1551 

04 

1570 

30 

32 

1572 

07 

1600 

30 

34 

1604 

10 

1640 

30 

38 

1648 

13 

1670 

30 

38 

1678 

16 

1700 

30 

38 

1708 

19 

1710 

30 

38 

1718 

22 

1720 

30 

38 

1728 

25 

1730 

30 

38 

1738 

28 

1740 

30 

38 

1748 

31 

1740 

30 

39 

1749 

34 

1690 

30 

39 

1699 

37 

1620 

30 

39 

1629 

40 

1630 

30 

39 

1639 

43 

1720 

30 

40 

1730 

46 

1780 

30 

38 

1788 

49 

1820 

30 

38 

1828 

52 

1860 

30 

41 

1851 

55 

1880 

30 

39 

1889 

58 

1870 

30 

39 

1879 

10 

01 

1900 

30 

39 

1909 

04 

1920 

30 

39 

1929 

07 

1850 

30 

39 

1859 

10 

1790 

30 

39 

1799 

13 

1810 

30 

38 

1818 

16 

1860 

30 

39 

1869 

19 

1870 

30 

41 

1881 

22 

1870 

30 

41 

1881 

25 

Fire  off   1870 

30 

40 

1880 

52 


TABLE  9 

Temperature  of  Furnace  No.  4 
Panel  No.  4 

Time                                Pyrometer  Correction         Correction  for  Actual 

Mr.         Mitt.                         Readings  for  Couple        Cold  End  Juuct.          Temperature 

( — )  (+)  of  Furnace 

11  52         Fire  lighted. 

55         160  30  45  175 

58         320  30  '  54  344 

12  01         520  30  64  554 
04          710  30  70  750 
07         920  20  68  968 
10         1100  20  '  70  1150 
13         1250  20  68  1298 
16         1350  30  75  1395 
19         1430  30  75  1475 
22         1500  30  75  1545 
25         1520  30  72  1562 
28         1580  30  70  1620 
31         1590  30  71  1631 
34         1650  30  75  1695 
37         1750  30  77  1797 
40  Fire  out  1790  30  79  1839 
43         1730  30  74  1744 
46         1500  30  66  1536 
49         1380  30  59  1409 

July  29,  1912 

10  16         Fire  lighted 

19         240  30  27  237 

22          490  30  30  490 

25         840  30  32  842 

28         1120  20  34  1134 

31  1330  20  36  1346 

32  1380  30  37  1397 
34         1590  30  39  1609 
37         1680  30  40  1690 
40         1680  30  40  1690 
43         1680  30  40  1690 
46         1680  30  23  1673 
49         1760  30  20  1750 
52         1820  30  25  1815 
55         1800  30  29  1799 
58         1790  30  30  1790 

11  01         1790  30  32  1788 
04         1820  30  32  1822 
07         1860  30  32  1862 
10         1900  30  33  1903 
13         1920  30  35  1925 
16         1920  30  34  1924 
19         1840  30  33  1943 
22         1810  30  36  1816 
25         1820  30  36  1826 
28         1770  30  37  1777 

31  1800  30  34  1804 

32  Fire  off   1820  30 

Pump  stopped  at  11:24:30  and  was  started  again  at  11:25:30.  No 
effect  on  fire. 

54 


TABLE  10 

Temperature  of  Furnace  No.  5 
Panel  No.  5 


Time 

Pyrometer 

Correction 

Correction  for 

Actual 

Hr.    Min. 

Readings 

for  Couple 

Cold  End  Juiict. 

Temperature 

(—  ) 

(+) 

of  Furnace 

9    54 

Fire  lighted 

57 

220 

40 

25 

205 

10    00 

390 

40 

29 

379 

03 

680 

40 

27 

663 

06 

980 

40 

25 

965 

09 

1210 

20 

24 

1214 

12 

1350 

20 

27 

1357 

15 

1460 

40 

30 

1450 

18 

1550 

50 

33 

1533 

21 

1620 

50 

34 

1604 

24 

1670 

50 

37 

1657 

27 

1730 

50 

37 

1717 

30 

1750 

50 

38 

1738 

33 

1770 

50 

41 

1761 

36 

1810 

50 

43 

1803 

39 

1780 

50 

40 

1770 

42 

1750 

50 

43 

1743 

45 

1740 

50 

43 

1733 

48 

1800 

50 

44 

1794 

51 

1830 

50 

41 

1821 

54 

1850 

50 

47 

1847 

57 

1800 

50 

47 

1797 

11    00 

1760 

50 

46 

1756 

03 

1770 

50 

47 

1767 

06 

1780 

50 

48 

1778 

09 

1760 

50 

50 

1760 

12 

1740 

50 

55 

1745 

15 

1720 

50 

57 

1727 

18 

1730 

50 

55 

1735 

21 

1760 

50 

55 

1765 

24 

1770 

50 

58 

1778 

27 

1780 

50 

59 

1789 

30 

1790 

50 

59 

1799 

33 

1790 

50 

57 

1797 

36 

1800 

50 

57 

1807 

39 

1840 

50 

61 

1851 

42 

1920 

50 

61 

1931 

45 

1950 

50 

64 

1964 

48 

1970 

50 

66 

1976 

51 

Fire  out  1950 

50 

68 

1958 

52 

1890  Door 

opened 

56 


TABLE  11 

Temperature  of  Furnace  No.  6 
Panel  No.  6 


Time 

Pyrometer 

Correction 

Correction  for 

Actual 

Hr. 

Min. 

Readings 

for  Couple 

Cold  Knd  Juiict. 

Temperature 

(  ) 

(  +  ) 

of  Furnace 

12 

24 

Fire  started. 

27 

100 

20 

40 

220 

30 

240 

20 

41 

241 

33 

580 

20 

29 

589 

36 

960 

10 

34 

984 

39 

1210 

00 

37 

1247 

42 

1300 

00 

39 

1339 

45 

1210 

00 

48 

1259 

48 

1080 

00 

36 

1116 

12 

42 

Fire   out.     Pump   refused   to   work.     Test 

discontinued 

until  July  29. 

9 

35 

Pilot  lighted. 

53 

Fire  started. 

56 

290 

20 

7 

277 

59 

570 

20 

8 

582 

10 

02 

1000 

10 

9 

1011 

02 

30               1080 

00 

10 

1000 

05 

1290 

00 

10 

1300 

08 

1390 

10 

12 

1392 

11 

1410 

10 

12 

1412 

14 

1420 

10 

12 

1422 

17 

1430 

10 

14 

1434 

20 

1420 

10 

15 

1425 

23 

1430 

10 

16 

1436 

26 

1450 

10 

18 

1458 

29 

1470 

20 

19 

1469 

32 

1490 

20 

20 

1490 

35 

1550 

20 

22 

1552 

38 

1560 

20 

22 

1562 

39 

Fire  turned  out. 

41 

1470 

20 

33 

1473 

43 

Door  opened. 

Remarks. 

10 

23 

Fire  visible  through  crack. 

10 

35 

30   Piece  fell  out. 

Large  hole 

in  lower  left  hand  corner. 

58 


TABLE  12. 


Temperature  of  Outside  Wall  of 
Panel  No.  1 

(Metal  Lath  on  Wood  Studding) 


Time  of           Temperature  Readings  of  Thermometers 
Observation         12345 

Hr. 

Min. 

7 

57 

78 

78 

78 

78 

78 

8 

07 

90 

92 

89 

97 

93 

17 

167 

179 

163 

162 

164 

27 

180 

188 

184 

182 

181 

37 

188 

201 

198 

207 

188 

47 

199 

205 

208 

210 

197 

57 

204 

237 

227 

244 

210 

9 

07 

236 

270 

265 

288 

218 

17 

Thermometers  all 

off  scale. 

Remarks 


Fire    lighted. 


Over  300. 


Time  of 
Observation 
Hr.     Min. 

10         23 
32 

42 


11 


52 
02 
12 
22 
32 
33 


TABLE  13. 

Temperature  of  Outside  Wall  of 
Panel  No.  2 

(Wood  Lath  on  Wood  Studding.) 
Temperature  Readings  cf  Thermometers 


5        Remarks 


89 
103 
125 
140 
153 
165 
175 


87 
91 
120 
132 
146 
162 
171 
176 


85 
86 
106 
132 
170 
180 
192 
210 


87 
91 
119 
145 
162 
184 
195 
219 


85 
91 
138 
146 
157 
181 
202 
231 


Thermometers  removed  on  account  of  dan- 
gerous condition  of  panel. 


Fire    lighted. 


60 


TABLE  14. 

Temperature  of  Outside  Wall  of 
Panel  No.  3 

(Two-inch   Solid  Wall.     Metal   Lath   on   Metal   Studding.) 


Time  of           Temperature  Readings  of  Thermometers 
Observation         12345        Remarks 

Hr.. 

Min. 

8 

27 

78 

76 

86 

78 

77     Fire 

lighted. 

35 

83 

86 

138 

89 

124 

45 

195 

172 

Broken 

208 

208 

55 

199 

186 

207 

206 

9 

05 

203 

194 

204 

206 

15 

208 

203 

206 

255 

22 

250 

249 

242 

288 

32 

274 

274 

280 

Off,   scale. 

42 

All 

thermometers  removed. 

Temperature  beyond  range 

of  thermometers. 

TABLE  15. 

Temperature  of  Outside  Wall  of 
Panel  No.  4 


Time  of 
Observation 

Temperature  Readings  of 
1       2       3 

Thermometers 
4       5 

Hr.. 

Min. 

11 

55 

93 

91 

88 

89 

90 

12 

05 

112 

100 

100 

92 

98 

15 

174 

168 

168 

141 

159 

25 

178 

180 

178 

173 

173 

37 

182 

180 

186 

179 

176 

47 

189 

182 

183 

180 

179 

Remarks 


10 


11 


Fire 


lighted, 


Fire    out. 
Test  discontinued  until  June  29,  1912.     Pump  out  of  order. 


June  29,  1912. 


16 

92 

94 

89 

89 

90 

19 

94 

94 

89 

89 

90 

29 

103 

97 

95 

91 

93 

39 

121 

117 

125 

103 

109 

49 

168 

140 

179 

128 

140 

59 

228 

181 

261 

163 

180 

09 

281 

229 

* 

201 

209 

19 

319 

265 

383 

224 

230 

29 

363 

301 

t 

244 

246 

Fire    lighted. 


*  Over  three  hundred,  four  hundred 
t  Over  four  hundred  at  11 :23. 

62 


thermometer  inserted. 


TABLE  16 

Temperature  of  Outside  Wall  of 
Panel  No.  5 

(Four-inch  Hollow  Partition.     Metal  Lath  on  Metal  Studding.) 


Time  of 

Observation 

Hr.. 

Min. 

9 

54 

10 

09 

19 

29 

39 

49 

59 

11 

09 

13 

Temperature  Readings  of  Thermometers 
12345 


78 
146 
173 
184 
186 
210 
256 
288 


138 

171 

183 
186 
208 
268 


78 
125 
170 
185 
210 
260 

>!; 

t 


*  Indicates  temperature  was  over  300C 
f  Indicates  temperature  was  over  400C 


78 
139 
175 
190 
212 
278 
386 

t 


78 
142 
195 
200 
209 
245 
290 


Remarks 


Fire    lighted. 


Time  of 
Observation 
Hr..    Min. 


9 
10 


53 

03 
13 
23 
30 


TABLE  17. 

Temperature  of  Outside  Wall  of 
Panel  No.  6 

(Plaster  Board  on  Wood  Studding) 
Temperature  Readings  of  Thermometers 


85 

95 

127 

194 


84 

89 

103 

131 


83 
144 
196 


4 

83 

85 

142 

191 


84 

98 

172 

192 


Remarks 


Fire    lighted. 


Thermometers  removed  on  account  of  dangerous  condi- 
tion of  panel. 

*  Thermometer  removed  at  10  :15  on  account  of  hole  burned  in  panel 
at  this  point. 

Note: — Readings  above  on  Panel  No.  6  were  all  made  July  29. 


64 


TABLE  18. 
Deflections  of  Panel  No.  1 

(Deflections  away  from  fire  are  indicated  by  [ — ].) 


Time  of 
Obser- 
vation 
Hr.  Min 

1 

2 

Deflection  in  Inches  at  Points  No. 
345678 

9 

7 

58 

Fire 

lighted. 

8 

08 

0.05 

0 

.31 

0.40 

0.23 

0.46 

0.50 

0.20 

0.42 

0.42 

8 

18 

0.29 

0 

.63 

0.58 

0.42 

0.86 

0.78 

0.35 

0.75 

0.63 

8 

28 

0.45 

0 

.77 

0.60 

0.71 

1.08 

0.82 

0.54 

0.86 

0.66 

8 

38 

0.35 

0 

.49 

0.50 

0.51 

0.76 

0.66 

0.41 

0.62 

0.60 

8 

48 

0.29 

0 

.39 

0.50 

0.44 

0.62 

0.66 

0.38 

0.55 

0.65 

8 

58 

0.27 

0 

.30 

0.50 

0.41 

0.50 

0.70 

0.38 

0.40 

0.68 

9 

08 

0.27 

0 

.08 

0.48 

0.40 

0.27 

0.67 

0.42 

0.22 

0.66 

9 

18 

0.31 

—0 

.25 

0.41 

0.42 

—0.07 

0.51 

0.45 

—0.10 

0.57 

9 

28 

0.37 

—0.50 

0.30 

0.54 

—0.20 

0.40 

0.59 

—0.23 

0.51 

9 

38 

0.53 

—0 

.75 

0.39 

0.72 

—0.21 

0.45 

0.80 

—0.23 

0.58 

9 

48 

0.69 

—  0 

.59 

0.51 

0.97 

—0.07 

0.59 

1.05 

—0.17 

0.57 

66 


TABLE  19 
Deflections  of  Panel  No.  2 

(Deflections  away  from  fire  are  indicated  by  [ — ].) 


Time  of 

Obser- 

Deflection in  Inches  at  Points 

No. 

vation 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Hr. 

Min. 

10 

26 

Fire 

lighted 

10 

32  —0.06 

0.01 

—0.01 

—0.02 

—0.02  - 

-0.04 

—  0 

.02 

0.01 

—0.06 

10 

42 

0.08 

0.09 

—0.01 

0.02 

0.06 

0.05 

0 

.00 

0.05 

0.00 

10 

52 

0.16 

0.13 

0.07 

0.10 

0.20 

0.11 

0 

.12 

0.11 

•0.04 

11 

02 

0.30 

0.23 

0.08 

0.25 

0.32 

0.15 

0 

.20 

0.17 

0.02 

11 

12 

0.34 

0.25 

0.08 

0.38 

0.42 

0.17 

0 

.18 

0.25 

—0.02 

11 

22 

0.39 

0.26 

0.09 

0.42 

0.59 

0.17 

0 

.30 

0.41 

—0.14 

11 

32 

0.42 

0.47 

0.19 

0.58 

0.90 

0.17 

0 

.66 

0.77 

—0.18 

68 


TABLE  20 
Deflectons  of  Panel  No.  3 

(Deflections  away  from  fire  are  indicated  by  [ — ].) 


Time  of 
Obser- 
vation 
Hr.  Min 

1 

2 

Deflection  in  Inches  at  Points  No. 
34567 

8 

9 

8 

27 

Firel 

ighted. 

8 

35 

0.29 

0.43 

0.30 

0.54 

0.63 

0.43 

0.06 

0.37 

8 

45 

0.65 

0.90 

0.67 

1.05 

1.36 

0.96 

Deflec- 

1.22 

0.82 

8 

55 

0.86 

1.22 

0.87 

1.39 

1.78 

1.28 

1.61 

1.10 

9 

05 

1.02 

1.47 

1.02 

1.64 

2.17 

1.55 

tion 

1.97 

1.37 

9 

15 

1.21 

1.75 

1.27 

2.00 

2.60 

1.87 

2.37 

1.66 

9 

25 

1.31 

1.93 

1.38 

2.18 

2.97 

1.98 

point 

2.57 

1.73 

9 

35 

1.37 

2.00 

1.42 

2.32 

3.04 

2.08 

2.72 

1.77 

9 

45 

1.41 

2.15 

1.48 

2.45 

3.18 

2.18 

blown 

2.88 

1.84 

9 

55 

1.55 

2.26 

1.58 

2.62 

3.47 

2.42 

3.08 

1.96 

10 

05 

1.75 

2.28 

1.70 

2.68 

3.54 

2.46 

off 

3.26 

2.08 

10 

15 

1.72 

2.34 

1.64 

2.69 

3.54 

2.45 

3.33 

2.11 

10 

35 

1.21 

1.90 

1.28 

1.94 

2.78 

2.12 

2.38 

1.51 

70 


TABLE  21. 

Deflections  of  Panel  No.  4. 

(Deflections  away  from  fire  are  indicated  by  [ — ].) 


Time  of 
Obser- 
vatipn          1            2 

Deflection  in  Inches  at  Points  No. 
3456789 

Hr 

.  Min. 

12 

07 

0.22       0.34 

0.28       0.15       0.30       0.28       0.13       0.26       0.22 

12 

17 

0.25       0.26 

0.29       0.09       0.30       0.31       0.13       0.20       0.22 

12 

27 

0.37       0.23 

0.23       0.08       0.18       0.28       0.07       0.16       0.21 

12 

37 

0.09       0.14 

0.21  —0.01       0.10       0.18  —0.20       0.05       0.11 

12 

,4:7 

0.09       0.10 

0.09  —0.03  —0.01       0.06       0.03  —0.04       0.03 

12 

'47 

Fire  out. 

Test  discontinued  until  June  29th. 

10 

29 

_0.01  —0.06 

0.13  —0.10  —0.22     *0.04  —0.09  —0.16       0.01 

10 

,39 

0.05  —0.06 

0.13  —0.03  —0.19       0.04  —0.03  —0.14       0.00 

10 

49 

0.10  —0.06 

0.15  —0.01  —0.22       0.06       0.01  —0.17       0.00 

10 

59 

0.03  —0.10 

O.ll       0.0?  —0.30       0.02       0.06  —0.26  —0.07 

11 

09 

0.12  —0.27 

0.10       0.04  —0.60  —0.10       0.06  —0.51  —0.13 

11 

19 

0.08  —0.62 

0.02  —0.10  —0.110—0.25  —0.03  —0.92  —0.27 

11 

29 

0.04  —0.96 

0.01  —0.21  —0.145—0.30  —0.13  —1.26  —0.29 

72 


TABLE  22. 
Deflection  of  Panel  No.  5 

(Deflections  away  from  fire  are  indicated  by  [ — ] 


Time  of 
Obser- 
vation 
Hr.  Min 

1 

2 

Deflection  in  Inches  at  Points  No. 
34567 

8 

9 

9 

54 

Fire  lighted. 

10 

11 

0.75 

1.03 

0.68 

1.20 

1.73 

1.18 

0.94 

1.46 

0.89 

10 

21 

0.89 

1.21 

0.84 

1.41 

2.09 

1.37 

1.07 

1.55 

1.01 

10 

31 

0.97 

1.39 

0.94 

1.60 

2.10 

1.70 

1.28 

1.94 

1.23 

10 

41 

1.19 

1.65 

1.18 

1.84 

2.43 

1.80 

1.56 

2.26 

1.51 

10 

51 

1.35 

1.87 

1.32 

2.10 

3.03 

2.06 

1.86 

2.70 

1.83 

11 

01 

1.58 

2.07 

1.51 

2.43 

3.00 

2.47 

2.19 

2.78 

2.08 

11 

11 

1.68 

2.35 

1.86 

2.70 

3.64 

2.58 

2.45 

3.26 

2.42 

11 

21 

1.88 

2.43 

1.88 

2.78 

3.?9 

2.84 

2.58 

3.52 

2.53 

11 

31 

1.97 

2.73 

1.96 

2.90 

3.87 

2.82 

2.57 

3.56 

2.57 

11 

41 

1.99 

2.79 

2.08 

2.88 

3.97 

2.86 

2.56 

3.56 

2.63 

10 

51 

1.35 

1.87 

1.32 

2.10 

3.03 

2.06 

1.86 

2.70 

1.83 

12 

00 

1.55 

2.15 

1.64 

2.04 

2.91 

2.06 

1.54 

2.42 

1.69 

74 


TABLE  23 


Time  of 
Obser- 
vation 
Hr.  Min. 


10 
10 
10 
10 


03 
13 
23 
33 


Deflections  of  Panel  No.  6 

(Deflections  away  from  fire  are  indicated  by  [ — ].) 
Test  of  June  29. 

Deflection  in  Inches  at  Points  No. 
12345678 


0.09 
0.00 


0.10 

0.07 


0.15 
0.09 


—0,25  —0.32  —0.01 
—0.31  —0.36  —0.11 


0.03  0.07  0.07 
—0.21  —0.14  —0.01 
_0.49  —0.74  —0.21 
Wire  —1.60  —0.35 

off 


—0.12 
—0.72 

—1.80 


0.02 
—0.21 
—0.69 


9 

0.04 

—0.03 
—0.19 


Wire  off. 


76 


We  wish  to  direct  attention  to  the  fact  that  all  panels  showed  on 
opening  that  there  was  a  concentration  of  heat  opposite  the  fire  at  the 
bottom  which  was  undoubtedly  appreciably  higher  than  the  pyrometer 
reading  derived  from  couple  at  center  of  panel.  The  photographs  exhibit 
clearly  the  effect  of  this  concentration. 

In  concluding  we  wish  to  state  that  we  have  avoided  injecting  into 
our  report  our  personal  opinions  or  conclusions,  but  have  endeavored  to 
place  every  obtainable  detail  in  your  possession  in  such  form  that  their 
interrelated  significance  will  enable  you  to  readily  arrive  at  conclusions 
which  we  trust  will  be  of  great  importance  to  your  department  and  the 
building  trades  in  general. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

(Signed)  L.  H.  Miller 
(Signed)  J.  H.  Nelson 
(Signed)  W.  S.  Lougee 


78 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 
LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 
on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 


ivenewea  DOOKS  are  suoject  to  immediate  recall. 

HianWr 

Rr<~'n  LD 

OFC  HA  ^,- 

DUE  NRLF 

MAR  2  6  1985 

r 

5 

• 

LD  21A-50m-9,'58                                .   .^neral  Library 

GENERAL  LIBRARY -U.C.  BERKELEY 


305169 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


